d0d65627-c8ed-459a-9ce5-2a873858cb5bHardwood timber, kiln-dried, dressed, untreated (EN 15804 A1-A3)technology mixproduction mix, at producer784 kg/m3 at 12% moisture content (dry basis) / 10.7% water content (wet basis)Materials productionOther materialsThis dataset has been prepared in accordance with ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2013, PCR 2012:01 of the International EPD System (2015) and the General Programme Instructions of the Australasian EPD® Programme (Version 1.0, 2015). It is cradle-to-gate (EN 15804 modules A1-A3) and includes the forestry and sawmilling processes for green sawn timber, kiln drying for kiln-dried timber and planing for dressed timber (green and kiln-dried). Preservative treatment is not included within the scope of this EPD. All products consist of 100% Australian native hardwood species grown in native forests.203This dataset represents average production in Australia from Australian-grown hardwood. Imports are not included.Foreground system:
Native forests are generally re-established after harvest by aerial seeding. Site preparation is typically in the form of broadcast burning of slash rather than heaping and there is little in the way of mechanical site preparation.
Management activities include fire protection and control road construction and maintenance, and forest assessment and supervision. Chemical and fertiliser application is rarely carried out. Accounting for management activities of native forests in an LCI is complicated by the fact that they also involve management for non-wood products such as recreation, biodiversity and water quality. As a result, it is difficult to separate inputs directly related to wood production from those for other land uses.
Thinning is currently a low proportion (<5%) of the total harvesting in native forests, and most harvesting activity is in the form of clearfelling or selection logging. Felling may be mechanised, or occasionally, may be by hand. In steep terrain, cable logging may be used instead of skidding to winch logs or trees to a landing on the top of a hill ready for loading.
Haulage is carried out either by the harvest contractor or a separate subcontractor. B-Double trucks are usually used to cart sawlogs and pulplogs. These consist of a prime mover and two 3-axle trailers fitted with brackets or “dogs” to hold the logs. They can hold up to 45 t. Smaller single trailer trucks which carry up to 25 t are also used, mainly for carting shorter length posts for preservation treatment. Haulage distance varies considerably depending on the location of the stand being harvested and the location of the processing facility for the product, but usually averages around 50 km one way. Because dedicated log trucks are used there is no backloading.
The sawmilling processes include:
Log storing, debarking and milling
These processes produce green sawn softwood timber products which are sold as well as go to the drying process. It also produces a variety of wood residues including chips, sawdust, shavings and bark which are sold or used as fuel for the drying process. The process covers log storage, debarking and milling of the log. The log is transported from the forest to the mill, where it is stored and moved using mobile plant. Bark is usually left of the log to protect it during handling. There is usually runoff associated with the large area for storage and it may be captured, reused, treated or disposed. The debarking and milling plant generally uses electricity to power debarkers and saws which produces off-site emissions associated with energy production.
Drying (excluded for ‘green’)
This process produces dry sawn timber products. It uses green sawn timber from the mill as well as wood residues for fuel for the boiler. It is a ‘gate to gate’ process and covers the production process of drying sawn timber.
Planing (excluded for ‘rough sawn’)
This process produces planed dry sawn timber products. It uses dry sawn timber from the drying kiln. It is a ‘gate to gate’ process and covers the production process of planed dry sawn timber.
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.Electricity grid mixThermal energy from natural gasDiesel mix at filling stationKerosene supplied and combusted [Kerosene input in kg]Gravel (Grain size 2/32) (EN15804 A1-A3)Gasoline mix (regular) at filling stationWater (desalinated; deionised) (data set not included in documentation) (data set not included in documentation) (data set not included in documentation)Thermal energy from LPGLubricants at refineryUsed oilInert matter (Steel) on landfillMunicipal waste water treatment (mix)Inert matter (Construction waste) on landfillHardwood flooring, decking, cladding, stair treads, kiln-dried structural timber and commercial decking.Renewables_Hardwood timber kiln dried rough sawn untreated.JPGLCI resultAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueAllocation - element contentAllocation - massAllocation - volumeUpstream data: For refinery products, allocation is done by mass and net calorific value. Inventories for electricity and thermal energy generation include allocation by economic value for some by-products (e.g. gypsum, boiler ash and fly ash). Allocation by energy is applied for co-generation of heat and power. For materials and chemicals, the allocation rule most suitable for the product is applied (see thinkstep 2014). Co-products (e.g. sawn wood and sawdust from milling): As the difference in economic value of the coproducts is high (>25% as per EN 15804, Section 6.4.3.2), allocation has been done by economic value.Foreground system: none
Background system: All data used in the calculation of the LCI results refer to net calorific value.NoneGaBi Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Water Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Energy Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Refinery Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Agriculture Model DocumentationGaBi Land Use Change Model DocumentationEnvironmental impacts relating to personnel, infrastructure, and production equipment not directly consumed in the process are excluded from the system boundary as per the PCR (IEPDS 2015, Section 6.5.4). Packaging is relatively minimal and has been excluded. All other reported data were incorporated and modelled using the best available life cycle inventory data.NoneLCI modelling is fully consistent. For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneFor details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneEnvironmental Product Declaration: Hardwood Timber95.0The environmental data presented in this document were largely taken from a survey of industry members conducted by CSIRO on behalf of FWPA (CSIRO 2009). This study covered 22% of total hardwood log production in Australia and 20-30% of total hardwood sawmilling in Australia. Production of the EPD and validation of the data have been facilitated by FWPA with participation of its current sawn hardwood timber producer members listed below. As the number of hardwood sawmills and the volume of sawn hardwood has reduced since CSIRO’s study, these members now produce approximately 50% of the total sawn hardwood in Australia.
Australian Solar Timbers
Auswest Timbers Pty Ltd
Bluebat
Boral Timber
Britton Bros Pty Ltd
Dale & Meyers Operations Pty Ltd trading as DTM Timber
Endeavour Foundation trading as Nangarin Timber
Fenning Investments Pty Ltd trading as Fenning Bairnsdale
Hallmark Oaks Pty Ltd
Hexan Holdings Pty Ltd trading as Whiteland Milling
Hurford Sawmilling Pty Ltd
Intech Operations Pty Ltd trading as Muckerts Sawmill
Ironwood Taree Pty Ltd
J Notaras & Sons Pty Ltd
Jarrahwood Australia Pty Ltd
Machin’s Sawmill Pty Ltd
McKay Timber
Nannup Timber Processing (NTP)
Parkside Bldg Sup (Builyan)
Porta Mouldings Pty Ltd
Radial Timber Australia
Ravenshoe Timbers Pty Ltd
Ryan & McNulty Pty Ltd
Timber Corporation Pty Ltd trading as Harper Timber
Urgenty Pty Ltd trading as Mary Valley Timbers
CSIRO. (2009). (Prepared by Tucker, S.N.; Tharumarajah, A.; May, B.; England, J.; Paul, K.; Hall, M.; Mitchell, P.; Rouwette, R.; Seo, S. and Syme, M.) Life Cycle Inventory of Australian Forestry and Wood Products. Prepared by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation on behalf of Forest and Wood Products Australia. Project number PNA008-0708.Foreground data from 2005-06, but validated in 2015.The data set represents a cradle-to-gate inventory. It can be used to characterise the supply chain situation of the respective commodity in a representative manner. Combination with individual unit processes using this commodity enables the generation of user-specific (product) LCAs.No statementIndependent verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025.Kimberly Robertson, Catalyst Ltd.Overall quality according to different validation schemes
GaBi = 1,8 interpreted into "good overall quality" in the GaBi quality validation scheme
ILCD = 1,9 interpreted into "basic overall quality" in the ILCD quality validation scheme
PEF = 1,8 interpreted into "very good overall quality" in the PEF quality validation schemeThe dataset and systems, which are provided with our software and databases for public use into a broad user community, are constantly used, compared, benchmarked, screened, reviewed and results published in various external, professional and third party LCA applications in industry, academia and politics. So user feedback via the online GaBi forum or direct via user information is a standard routine in the maintenance and update process and leads to stable quality and constant control and improvement of data, if knowledge or technology improves or industrial process chains develop or change.GaBi user forumGaBi bug forumGaBi user communityGaBi conformity systemFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantNot definedUNEP SETAC Life Cycle InitiativeNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedILCD Data Network - Entry-levelNot definedFully compliantFully compliantNot definedFully compliantNot definedForest and Wood Products Australia Ltd.This background LCI data set can be used for any types of LCA studies.thinkstep2018-02-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1thinkstepNo official approval by producer or operator2018-02-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedGaBi databasesForest and Wood Products Australia Ltd.trueOtherGaBi (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of thinkstep AG. thinkstep AG delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Hardwood timber, kiln-dried, dressed, untreatedOutput1.01.00Mixed primary / secondaryUnknown derivation