c71f9b0f-be89-4be7-a00c-086230324492Hydrogen chloridetechnology mixproduction mix for PVC production, at plantAnhydrous hydrochloric acid, Chlorohydric acid, Hydrochloric acid, HydrochlorideMaterials productionInorganic chemicalsRaw data for polymerization and intermediate products are collected by several producers in Europe; the average is calculated by the consultant based on the production capacity of the companies. The LCI result is calculated with background data from the Boustead database.109The data set represents the region specific situation, focusing on the main technologies and the region specific characteristics. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is obtained from two sources: 1. The direct reaction between hydrogen and chlorine gases. This is a strongly exothermic reaction and the temperature of the reaction chamber must be carefully monitored; 2. As a by-product in the production of many chlorinated hydrocarbons and intermediates. It has been variously estimated that probably as much as 90% of all hydrogen chloride arises from this source. Irrespective of the source, the gas is invariably purified before use. Data are based on one plant directly reacting hydrogen with chlorine and two plants separating by-product HCl. (Note that frequently when HCl is generated and re-used within the same plant, it is seldom possible to separate the HCl recovery and purification process from the rest of the plant.) The background system is addressed as follows:
Electricity:
Electricity used, is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation. Modelling the electricity production system covers the production and delivery of primary fuels, the steam generator, the electricity generator and the distributor.
Electricity is regarded to be derived from the public electricity supply and from on-site electricity generation of plants. Input materials used for producing electricity are fossil fuels, like coal, oil and gas.
Process Steam:
Process steam/thermal energy used, is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation. Process steam is regarded to be derived as by-product from the public electricity supply and from on-site steam generation of plants. Input materials used for producing process steam are fossil fuels, like coal, oil and gas. Another source for process steam are waste incineration plants.
Transport:
All relevant and known transport processes used, are included. Overseas transport to and from major ports as well as all relevant and known pipeline and / or tanker transport of crude oil imports are included.
Energy carriers:
Crude oil is modelled according to the production and supply of crude oil to Western Europe. The crude oil supply is regarded regional. Therefore, interchanges between countries within that region do not count as imports or exports. Oil processing is reckoned as standard worldwide with overall energy production efficiency of the order of 90%. The IEA data on world oil production and processing data have been used for the use of energy. The total inputs have been partitioned between the products using energy as the partitioning parameter. Modelling covers the extraction, the transport and the delivery including emissions arising at the extraction site and reported losses during subsequent distribution of the oil. The transport for indigenous crude oil production is based on the characteristics of North Sea production since this represents 98% of indigenous production. For North Sea oil some 75% is delivered by pipeline with the remainder delivered by tanker.
Coal modelling covers the production, the transport and the delivery.Hydrogen chloride has many uses: as a chemical inter-mediate; in the hydrochlorination of rubber; as a babbitting flux; in the production of vinyl and alkyl chlorides; in the separation of cotton from wool; in the delinting of cotton. Electronic grade is used for etching semiconductor crystals.PlasticsEurope_hcl_flowchart_e3106fec-5fc0-47d4-8aea-e74432dbfd59.pngPartly terminated systemAttributionalNoneAllocation - element contentChlorine: The steam input to the chlorine cell has been partitioned across all products on a simple mass basis. Any HCl input to the chlorine cell electrolyte will be completely dissociated and will therefore provide an additional source of chloride ions in the electrolyte. It has therefore has been attributed to the production of chlorine. Any NaOH input to the chlorine cell has been attributed solely to the production of NaOH on the assumption that it will be recovered along with the NaOH generated within the electrolytic process. An input of 98% sulphuric acid is used for chlorine drying and so has all been attributed to the chlorine output. Hydrogen emissions from the chlorine cell refer to the losses of hydrogen to the atmosphere. These emissions have therefore all been attributed to the production of hydrogen. Chlorine gas emissions from the chlorine cell refer to the loss of chlorine to the atmosphere. These emissions have therefore all been attributed to the production of chlorine. The electricity use in the chlorine cell is partitioned over all marketable or usable products on a simple mass basis. Those water emissions associated with NaCl and its purification have been attributed to chlorine, sodium hydroxide and, where appropriate, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen chloride on the basis of the quantities of sodium chloride attributed to each of these products. Water emissions, which could not be directly attributed to sodium chloride, e.g. mercury emissions, were partitioned between the products on a simple mass basis.All data used in the calculation of the LCI results refer to net calorific value.NoneAll relevant mass and energy flows are included in the inventory; no specific cut-off rule is applied.It is unusually to receive questionnaires completed in all respects. In such cases data are extrapolated.Full coverage of the European industry, modelling the integrated sites as far as possible.Many industrial sites contain a large number of different plants and therefore it is usual that certain services are provided from some central source. That is the case of the provision of steam and compressed air, and the treatment of water. In this case the attribution of these central services is a matter of estimating and guesswork. Frequently the information is not held by the companies in a form that is directly usable in eco-profile calculations. For example, air and water emission are normally expressed as concentrations (kg/m3) whereas eco-profiles want the total annual loading (kg/year). Companies can often make the conversion using internal conversion factors, but there is no standarisation of these factors across Europe. Besides, issues such as weighing errors, materials in transit, stock changes and so on, make it difficult to maintain absolutely accurate records.Missing data are substituted by the average value calculated from the data supplied by those plants that made positive returns. Thus, for example, suppose that three plants with the same output volume fill in questionnaires. For one of the parameters, one plant returns a value of 1 mg, the second plant returns a value of 2 mg and the third is unable to provide the data. The average from the two plants returning data is 1.5 mg and this value is substituted in place of the missing data for the third plant.NoneBoustead ModelEcoprofile HCl95.0The data are collected from participating companies for the performance characteristics of their plants through questionnaires. Most of the information supplied is derived from the records that are already kept by companies and plants.The LCI data set should be used for LCI/ LCA studies where HCl is used along the production chain.No statementPlastics EuropeBousteadILCD Data Network - Entry-levelNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedPlastics EuropeEC, DG ENVEPLCA project teamPlasticsEurope Eco-ProfilesProvide well documented, high quality, up-to-date and industry representative LCI data sets for any kind of LCA study. In order to elaborate the reports, some objectives shall be defined: target generic data which could be used to optimise the management of plastics waste (facilitates choosing among options such as mechanical recycling, reuse as a petrochemical raw material and use as a substitute fuel, and provide sufficient data to investigate alternative solutions for regulatory compliance), compile average industry data which could be used for internal company benchmarking allowing individual process improvement (leading to elimination of poor sections of processes, improvements by addition of waste treatment sections), include sufficient data which could be used by customers for product development against environmental criteria to (allow evaluation of the plastics contribution relative to the overall product, enable collaboration with recovery procedures to reduce collective impacts, draw attention to poor environmental links in user chains, which can lead to subsequent improvement). It was also important to provide neutral, objective, quantitative information with no attempt at interpretation, so that only explanations on how the data were generated need be given.Boustead2018-02-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1EcoprofilesthinkstepPlastics Europe2018-02-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedELCD database 2.0Plastics EuropetrueOtherThe data set can be used free of charge by anybody to perform LCA studies, to distribute it to third parties, to convert it to other formats, to develop own data sets etc. as long as the copyright and license conditions for the ELCD data sets and the ILCD format are met that can be accessed via http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Please note e.g. that reference must be given to the 'Owner of data set' and to the 'ELCD database' plus version number, when using the data set or parts thereof. Please note also, that any modifications/omissions of the data set results in invalidity of any existing 'Official approval of data set by producer/operator', that the impression must be avoided that this would still be a complete ELCD data set, and that the content of further fields has to be adjusted. For details see the aforementioned copyright and license conditions.Hydrochloric acid (100%)Output1.01.00Mixed primary / secondaryUnknown derivation