7d5fae7b-4ad9-4a35-9f21-08ebcb27da34Concrete paving stone (with facing concrete, grey) industrial mixproduction mix (16 plants, 12 co)225 kg/m², 10 cm thicknessMaterials productionOther mineralic materialscradle to gate, very good overall data quality, mainly based on industry data, allocation by market share; packaging included, disposal not part of the systeme274The data set represents the German specific situation, focusing on the main technologies and the legislative boundary conditions.Foreground system: The system boundaries comprise the cradle to gate life cycle of concrete paving stones in the year 2014. The LCI dataset considers the production of the concrete, other raw material supply (sand, gravel, flying ash) and its precursors. The packaging material of the finished product is included. Transportation processes for the raw materials are accounted for.
All relevant material and energy flows were included in the system. Life cycle impacts of production equipment and infrastructure were not included in the system as no evidence could be justified that these are to any extent relevant and thus fell under the cut-off criteria. In mass production the impact of production equipment and infrastructure normally is in orders of magnitude lower than the impacts of material and energy supply.
The background system is addressed as follows: Electricity, Thermal energy: The electricity (and thermal energy as by-product) used is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly the individual power plants in service are modelled according to the current national grid. This includes net losses and imported electricity. Second, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled. Third, the country-specific fuel supply (share of resources used, by import and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific properties (e.g. element and energy contents) are accounted for. Fourth, the import, transport, mining and exploration processes for the energy carrier supply chain are modelled according to the specific situation of each power-producing country. The different mining and exploration techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different exploration countries are accounted for according to current engineering knowledge and information. Steam: The steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to the technology efficiencies and energy carriers used. Efficiencies range from 84% to 94% in relation to the representative energy carrier (gas, oil, coal). Coal, crude oil and natural gas used for the generation of steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity). Transports: All relevant and known transport processes used are included. Overseas transport including rail and truck transport to and from major ports for imported bulk resources are included. Furthermore all relevant and known pipeline and / or tanker transport of gases and oil imports are included. Energy carriers: Coal, crude oil, natural gas and uranium are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity). Refinery products: Diesel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, basic oils and residues such as bitumen are modelled via a country-specific, refinery parameterized model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refinery techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption,...) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. Hence the refinery products used show the individual country-specific use of resources. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific crude oil situation with the respective properties of the resources.Sand (grain size 0/2) (EN15804 A1-A3) (undried)Diesel mix at refineryElectricity grid mixThermal energy from light fuel oil (LFO)Polyethylene Film (PE-HD) without additivesCement (CEM I 42.5) (EN15804 A1-A3)Truck, Euro 5, 28 - 32t gross weight / 22t payload capacityTap water from groundwaterGravel (Grain size 2/32) (EN15804 A1-A3)ProductThermal energy from natural gasThermal energy from LPGThermal energy from biomass (solid)Inert matter (Construction waste) on landfillConstruction waste treatment plantMunicipal waste water treatment (mix)Polypropylene fibers (PP)Lubricants at refineryConcrete admixtures – Plasticizer and superplasticizer - Deutsche Bauchemie e.V. (DBC) (A1-A3)Concrete liquefier (ferrochrome-lignine sulphonate)Stabilising agentUsed oilCement (CEM II 42.5) (EN15804 A1-A3)Rail transport cargo - Electric, average train, gross tonne weight 1000t / 726t payload capacityLimestone, crushed gravel, grain size 2/15) (EN15804 A1-A3)concrete blocks used for surface of roads and pavementsLCI resultAttributionalnone95.0The dataset covers cradle-to-gate system of concrete paving stones production. Dataset includes primary data and the overall quality is very good. Dataset can be used as representative for average German production of concrete bricks. Dataset should be reviewed for potential technology changes in 10 years.No statementSLG thinkstep2018-02-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1thinkstep2018-02-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedSLG trueOtherConcrete stoneOutput225.0225.00Mixed primary / secondaryMeasured